Hard rock has brought the world some of the most thrilling songs ever recorded music. In the list below, we merge 50 of the greatest hard rock songs of all time spanning the late 1960s till the early 2000s. Loaded with brash guitar riffs, driving beats, and big shout-along choruses, these songs are the very best the genre has produced. Each entry offers our observations regarding what makes the track special and, where the track peaked, if it peaked at all. From standards that defined the generations to newly released songs who carry the torch forward, crank it up and take the hard rock history tour.
Contents
- 1 Whole Lotta Love by Led Zeppelin
- 2 Back in Black by AC/DC
- 3 Smoke on the Water by Deep Purple
- 4 Paranoid by Black Sabbath
- 5 Welcome to the Jungle by Guns N’ Roses
- 6 Smells Like Teen Spirit by Nirvana
- 7 Sweet Child O’ Mine by Guns N’ Roses
- 8 Livin’ on a Prayer by Bon Jovi
- 9 Highway to Hell by AC/DC
- 10 Iron Man by Black Sabbath
- 11 Stairway to Heaven by Led Zeppelin
- 12 Enter Sandman by Metallica
- 13 Bohemian Rhapsody by Queen
- 14 Crazy Train by Ozzy Osbourne
- 15 Barracuda by Heart
- 16 Rock You Like a Hurricane by Scorpions
- 17 I Love Rock ’n Roll by Joan Jett & the Blackhearts
- 18 Don’t Fear the Reaper by Blue Öyster Cult
- 19 Dream On by Aerosmith
- 20 Free Bird by Lynyrd Skynyrd
- 21 Won’t Get Fooled Again by The Who
- 22 Born to Be Wild by Steppenwolf
- 23 Rock and Roll All Nite by Kiss
- 24 All Along the Watchtower by The Jimi Hendrix Experience
- 25 Breaking the Law by Judas Priest
- 26 Hot for Teacher by Van Halen
- 27 Cum On Feel the Noize by Quiet Riot
- 28 Dr. Feelgood by Mötley Crüe
- 29 Pour Some Sugar on Me by Def Leppard
- 30 Gimme Shelter by The Rolling Stones
- 31 American Woman by The Guess Who
- 32 Carry On Wayward Son by Kansas
- 33 Plush by Stone Temple Pilots
- 34 Black Hole Sun by Soundgarden
- 35 Alive by Pearl Jam
- 36 Man in the Box by Alice in Chains
- 37 School’s Out by Alice Cooper
- 38 Ace of Spades by Motörhead
- 39 Cat Scratch Fever by Ted Nugent
- 40 Helter Skelter by The Beatles
- 41 Heartbreaker by Pat Benatar
- 42 Bring Me to Life by Evanescence
- 43 Run to the Hills by Iron Maiden
- 44 One by Metallica
- 45 We’re Not Gonna Take It by Twisted Sister
- 46 Sunshine of Your Love by Cream
- 47 Eye of the Tiger by Survivor
- 48 Cult of Personality by Living Colour
- 49 You Really Got Me by The Kinks
Whole Lotta Love by Led Zeppelin
This classic song starts off with one of the most recognized guitar riffs of all time and an awful lot of swagger. Whole Lotta Love was the first big US single for Led Zeppelin, hitting the Billboard chart top 5 back in 1969. Its heavy bluesy beat and manic experimental middle section established the sound of hard rock for posterity. Even decades on, its raw energy and wailing vocals from Robert Plant can still knock listeners off their socks.
Back in Black by AC/DC
AC/DC’s classic anthem, Back in Black starts off with an indelible guitar riff and driving beat. In 1980, released as a tribute to their late lead singer, Bon Scott, the song announced the triumphant comeback of the band. It went top of the charts all over the world and became one of the top sellers of the world of rock. With the gritty vocals and head-thumping beat of Brian Johnson, Back in Black throbs with raw hard rock energy that never falters.
Smoke on the Water by Deep Purple
Smoke on the Water is based on just one ridiculously catchy riff learned by every budding guitar hero. In 1972, Deep Purple released this classic, and by 1973 it had reached #4 on the U.S. charts, introducing heavy rock to the mainstream populace. The song’s true-story narrative of a fire at the Casino de Monte in Montreux adds suspense to its crunching soundscapes. Even today, the classic “da-da-da” guitar riff is a cultural reference point among hard core fans of rock music.
Paranoid by Black Sabbath
Paranoid is a short, snappy burst of heavy metal music that propelled Black Sabbath into the limelight back in 1970. Composed hastily as an afterthought album fill, the song took an unexpected turn and became the most recognized tune of the band. Paranoid’s hard-hitting riff and eerie wail by vocalist Ozzy Osbourne captured the zeitgeist of the contemporary era beautifully. Paranoid never became a giant chart success, but the enormous impact it had determined the sound of heavy metal for the decades that followed.
Welcome to the Jungle by Guns N’ Roses
Not many songs impact like Welcome to the Jungle. In 1987, the single launched Guns N’ Roses into the arena with raw aggression. Axl Rose’s initial wail and Slash’s raw guitar licks encapsulated the anarchy of city life just right. The track busted into the Top 10 and became an MTV fixture. Even today, its raw groove and outlaw attitude make it an absolute hard rock anthem.
Smells Like Teen Spirit by Nirvana
Smells Like Teen Spirit exploded onto the playlists in 1991 and revolutionized hard rock in one hour. Nirvana’s classic grunge anthem, led by the noisy guitar and rasping, passionate vocals of Kurt Cobain, spoke for a disaffected Generation X. Alternative hard rock gained mainstream awareness through the sudden appearance within the Top 10. Teen Spirit became the voice of youth disenfranchisement through the loud-quiet-loud arrangements and angsty sound that continues to reverberate today.
Sweet Child O’ Mine by Guns N’ Roses
With one of the most infamous guitar intros in the history of rock, Sweet Child O’ Mine unveiled the melodic heart of Guns N’ Roses without losing their bite. In 1988, it shot up the charts to #1, exemplifying the potential for a hard rock group hitting the top of the pop world. Slash’s vocals guitar riff and the formidable vocals of Axl Rose about love/Created an instant classic. Generation after generation, the heartfelt quality and electric guitar solos remain close to the hearts of the latest fan bases of rocks.
Livin’ on a Prayer by Bon Jovi
Livin’ on a Prayer is more than a song — it’s an ’80s arena classic that just about every single one of us knows the words to. In their 1986 crossover single, Bon Jovi recounts the tale of working-class lovers Tommy and Gina clinging to their dreams. Its talk box guitar riff and monumental chorus propelled it all the way to #1 for weeks on end. Even today, the crowd-rousing call of “Whoa, we’re halfway there!” unites the masses to belt it out at the top of their lungs.
Highway to Hell by AC/DC
Highway to Hell catches AC/DC at their lewdest, and delivers a hard-rocking good time. When it was released in 1979, it boasted wicked vocals from the late Bon Scott and punchy guitar work from Angus Young. The defiant chorus — “I’m on the highway to hell!” — became a yell-along classic. Though it only briefly charted within the United States, it soon became one of AC/DC’s fan-favorite anthems and an FM rock radio staple.
Iron Man by Black Sabbath
In its menacing, stomping riff and robotlike introduction (“I am Iron Man!”), the 1970 Black Sabbath single boiled the heavy music standard down to perfection. Tony Iommi’s raw guitar riff is supremely familiar and nearly the very nadir (in the best sense of the word) of early heavy metal itself. Iron Man didn’t reach the Top 40 upon its original issue, but took on legend through repeated FM spin. Today it is a genre-defining single that delivered entire generations the dark, heavy feel of rock.
Stairway to Heaven by Led Zeppelin
Stairway to Heaven is an epic journey of a song, starting as a gentle folk melody and building into a hard-rock powerhouse. Released in 1971 (though never as a single), it still became one of the most played songs on FM radio. Jimmy Page’s intricate guitar work and Robert Plant’s mystical lyrics captured the imagination of a generation. Stairway proved a song can achieve legendary status without ever topping the charts.
Enter Sandman by Metallica
Enter Sandman’s dark riff and horror-driven theme smashed Metallica into the mainstream consciousness in 1991. This heavy-duty song of childhood nightmares was the first one by the group to top the Top 20 in the United States and introduced millions to contemporary heavy metal. Crushing guitar riffs, pounding cymbals, and the growl by bassist-vocalist James Hetfield evoke an atmosphere of restrained anarchy. Enter Sandman became the trademark anthem for Metallica and an open door for a whole new generation of hard rock enthusiasts.
Bohemian Rhapsody by Queen
Bohemian Rhapsody broke every rule of hard rock and became one of the most beloved songs of all time. Queen’s epic 1975 ballad moves seamlessly from a fragile ballad through operatic singing and head-banging hard rock all within the same piece. Freddie Mercury’s stellar vocals and the unconventional arrangement of the song were never done before on the radio, but it nonetheless topped the UK and went on to be a stateside hit. There are fans across many generations who sing along and yell it in full voice at its most epic sections.
Crazy Train by Ozzy Osbourne
Crazy Train is a manic ride from beginning to end, propelled by one of the strongest riffs of the ‘80s. Ozzy Osbourne’s first commercial solo single after he left Black Sabbath was released in 1980 and became an instant headbanger’s anthem. Guitarist Randy Rhoads begins the proceedings with an lightning-fast riff that hooks you from the very first instance. Its yell-along chorus and demented energy cemented Crazy Train as an indelible hard rock anthem.
Barracuda by Heart
Barracuda is a fierce 1977 track that proved women could rock just as hard as anyone. Driven by a galloping guitar riff and Ann Wilson’s powerhouse vocals, Heart’s signature song was born out of anger at the music industry – and that raw emotion comes through. The song cruised into the Top 20 and remains a classic rock staple. With its chugging bass, searing lead guitar, and unapologetic attitude, Barracuda still packs a bite.
Rock You Like a Hurricane by Scorpions
Barracuda was a venomous single from 1977 that proved the world that ladies could rock just as hard as anyone else. Driven along by a running guitar riff and thundering vocals from Ann Wilson, Heart’s classic anthem was the result of outrage at the music establishment — and that anger percolates the track. The song rode into the Top 20 and became a perennial classic rocker. With driving bass, scorching lead guitar, and unrepentant attitude, Barracuda still bites hard.
I Love Rock ’n Roll by Joan Jett & the Blackhearts
In 1984, the Scorpions unleashed Rock You Like a Hurricane and scored a worldwide rock hit. The song explodes with a twin-guitar attack and a fist-pumping chorus made for arenas. It cracked the Top 30 in the U.S., and heavy MTV rotation made the Scorpions global rock stars. Even now, the cry of “Here I am!” followed by that electrifying riff can hype up any crowd – a true hard rock anthem.
Don’t Fear the Reaper by Blue Öyster Cult
Moody and melodic, Don’t Fear the Reaper gave Blue Öyster Cult a breakthrough hit in 1976. Buck Dharma’s haunting guitar riff and smooth vocals lend the song an eerie beauty that stood out on the radio. It climbed into the Top 20 on Billboard and became the band’s signature tune. With its ethereal harmonies and extended solo, Reaper remains a timeless rock classic (cowbell and all).
Dream On by Aerosmith
Dream On is the ballad that catapulted Aerosmith into the stratosphere. In 1973, it gradually accumulated steam over the course of a few years before exploding into the Top 10 and cementing Steven Tyler’s vocals as a superstar sound. Soft piano starts off the ballad and swells into a raw, over-the-top emotional finale through the wailing scream of Tyler. Combining heartfelt message and hard-rock drama, Dream On created the template for the millions of hard-rock ballads that followed and continues to make spines shiver among listeners.
Free Bird by Lynyrd Skynyrd
Free Bird is the quintessential hard-rock epic that starts off slowly and ends with a blistering guitar confrontation. This nine-minute-long 1974 single by Lynyrd Skynyrd starts off with an introspective introduction and then rockets into its famously long guitar solo. Though it only reached #19 on the charts, it became one of the crowd anthems of the concerts and it continues to be a classic rock standard on the radio. Even now, screams of “Free Bird!” at concerts pay tribute to the immortal legend of the song.
Won’t Get Fooled Again by The Who
Won’t Get Fooled Again is an arena-rock monster by The Who, released in 1971. It starts off with an instrumental synthesizer moo along before Pete Townshend’s gritty power chords erupt. It ends with a raw wail by Roger Daltrey that is one of the most definitive latter movements of a hard-rock classic ever committed to tape. The single charted within the top 20, but its significant contribution is humongous — an ambitious statement of revolution and an electric highlight of The Who’s working repertoire.
Born to Be Wild by Steppenwolf
Born to Be Wild revolutionized the rock establishment in 1968 with its aggressive, motorcycle-suited rhythm and rebellious words. Steppenwolf’s classic song reached #2 on the charts and became the anthem of freedom when it was famously used in the cult classic Easy Rider. With gritty vocals and crunching guitar sound, it even gave the world the phrase “heavy metal” for the rock lexicon. This song captured the raw essence of late-’60s rock.
Rock and Roll All Nite by Kiss
Rock and Roll All Nite became the quintessential party song when it was released by Kiss in 1975. The album version had small success, but a version done live in ‘76 stormed into the Top 20 and made it the group’s anthem. Its melody is sing-alongable, simple, and designed with crowds in mind. With aggressive riffs and shout-it-at-the-top-of-your-lungs enthusiasm, Rock and Roll All Nite remains a celebration of rock ‘n’ roll and often ends a kiss performance on a high note.
All Along the Watchtower by The Jimi Hendrix Experience
Bob Dylan’s All Along the Watchtower was transformed into a rock anthem by Jimi Hendrix in 1968. Hendrix’s scorching guitar and experimental studio techniques took the folk standard and transformed it into a tense, electric epic that was his number one charting U.S. single (Top 20). The song’s eerie atmosphere and epic solos show Hendrix at his very best, reimagining the original into something truly his own.
Breaking the Law by Judas Priest
Breaking the Law is a short, catchy blast of British heavy metal that packs a serious punch. In 1980, Judas Priest’s anthem surfed an addictive riff and defiant vocals you can scream along with. It only barely charted, yet the outlaw ethic and scream-along chorus earns it a metal classic status. Even now, metalheads enjoy screaming along with Halford’s “Breaking the law!” incantation at the shows.
Hot for Teacher by Van Halen
Hot for Teacher is the cheekiest and most virtuosic Van Halen. Opening the 1984 single is a thundering drum barrage by Alex Van Halen, and the tune marches along with lightning-fleet guitar runs by Eddie Van Halen. David Lee Roth’s lighthearted lyrics about having a crush on a school teacher provide tongue-and-cheek humor. Although it wasn’t a large pop single, the high-octane musicianship (complemented by an over-the-top video) became a beloved fan anthem and defines the party-hard ethic of the sons of Van Halen.
Cum On Feel the Noize by Quiet Riot
Cum On Feel the Noize blew the lid off for metal in the ’80s on the American charts. Quiet Riot’s cover of a classic Slade song thundered to #5 on Billboard in 1983 – a landmark breakthrough for heavy rock into the mainstream limelight. With raunchy gang vocals and fist-pounding chorus ( “Girls, rock your boys!”), it brought headbanging tunes into the mainstream and the door ajar for the hair-metal invasion. Loud, catchy, and defiant, the single is a obligatory anthem for the era’s big, crazy sound.
Dr. Feelgood by Mötley Crüe
Dr. Feelgood gave the world the first of the Top 10 singles for Mötley Crüe and went on to show that bad boys could refine their sound and never lose their edge. Arriving in 1989 as the first single for their album, it’s built upon a muscular, sing-along riff and ginormous shout-along chorus. It peaked at #6 and became an MTV classic and featured the tightest playing by the group.
Pour Some Sugar on Me by Def Leppard
Pour Some Sugar on Me is the quintessential late ’80s pop-metal party anthem. In 1987 it was released on Def Leppard’s monumental Hysteria album and marries a chugging hard rock rhythm with an irrepressible sing-along melody. Pour Some Sugar on Me peaked at #2 on the U.S. chart, motivated by repeated MTV playback. Because of its cheeky, sensual hook, Pour Some Sugar on Me became an immediate party classic of the era.
Gimme Shelter by The Rolling Stones
Gimme Shelter wasn’t released as a single, but the Rolling Stones’ 1969 song is oft-referenced among their finest work. Starting off with a chilling guitar riff and wailing backup vocals by Merry Clayton, the song captured the dark moods of the era it experienced life through. Its merger of blues-flavored rock and world-ending, intense lyrics distinguished the album Let It Bleed. (And listen closely and you can still hear Clayton’s voice crack with emotion upon the word “rape, murder” – a spine-tingling moment within the history of rock ‘n’ roll.)
American Woman by The Guess Who
American Woman is a hard rock ballad from 1970 with a gritty riff and a contrarian, defiant message. The Guess Who, a Toronto band, took it to #1 on the US charts — the first and only Canadian band to top the charts at the time. With the snarl-guitar opening and commanding vocals of Burton Cummings, it’s a song with an anti-war sentiment. Its raw energy and indelible hook make American Woman a classic rock radio perennial.
Carry On Wayward Son by Kansas
Carry On Wayward Son brought progressive rock into the mainstream when it was recorded by Kansas in 1976. It begins with a striking a cappella introduction and swells into huge guitar riffs and organ peaks. The anthemic song went to #11 on Billboard and was the first commercial success for Kansas. In its marriage of complex musicianship and choir-boy vocals, Carry On Wayward Son continues as a classic rock standard.
Plush by Stone Temple Pilots
Plush defined Stone Temple Pilots’ sound in the early ’90s with its dark melody and heavy guitar riffs. Passionate vocals by Scott Weiland render the 1992 song dark and powerful, and it swept the rock radio and took home the Grammy for Best Hard Rock Performance for STP. Moony and with an indelible “Where ya going for tomorrow?” chorus, Plush became the grunge decade’s anthem and fan favorite that it remains today.
Black Hole Sun by Soundgarden
Black Hole Sun is a haunting 1994 hit that brought Soundgarden’s dark sound to a massive audience. Led by Chris Cornell’s eerie, soaring vocals and a swirling psychedelic backdrop, the song offered a moody contrast to typical hard rock. Its poetic lyrics and unforgettable melody carried it to #1 on the rock charts. The surreal music video was all over MTV, helping make Black Hole Sun one of the defining rock songs of the ’90s.
Alive by Pearl Jam
Alive was the world’s initial exposure to Pearl Jam back in the spring of 1991 and became an instant survival anthem. Built from the fanatical guitar leads of Mike McCready and the poignant vocals of Eddie Vedder, the song took on an individual story that adhered to the listener. Heavy rotation on MTV and the radio catapulted Pearl Jam’s debut album into massive success. Alive’s cathartic chorus is still one of the highlights of a Pearl Jam show and the gold standard of ’90s rock.
Man in the Box by Alice in Chains
Man in the Box ushered Alice in Chains into the mainstream for the first time in 1990 with its bleak groove and eerie melody. Layne Staley’s raw wail (furnished through a talkbox on choruses) and Jerry Cantrell’s grinding riff established a dark vibe that was unrecognizable on early-’90s hard-rock radio. Heavy rotation on MTV and hard-rock radio indicated the arrival of Seattle’s dark, metal-tinted grunge sound.
School’s Out by Alice Cooper
School’s Out is the quintessential teen rebellion anthem, released by Alice Cooper in 1972. This upbeat song envisions a world where school’s always out of session — an idea every child adores. Driven by a catchy guitar riff and sneering vocals by Cooper, it skyrocketed to #7 on Billboard’s Hot 100 and became the signature song for Cooper. (At shows, Cooper famously detonates an effigy of a schoolroom on stage.) Each summer, a string of students turn up the volume on this classic and bask in the sweetness of freedom.
Ace of Spades by Motörhead
Ace of Spades is a pure shot of adrenaline that served to help forge the heavy metal attitude. It was released by Motörhead in 1980, and it’s fast, it’s loud, and it’s unrepentantly brash. Lemmy sneers gamblers’ clichés over a breakneck bass and guitar assault with his rasping vocals. Although it only scuffled through the charts, Ace of Spades became the definitive Motörhead song and metal classic.
Cat Scratch Fever by Ted Nugent
Cat Scratch Fever boasts one of the most classic guitar riffs of the hard rock period of the ’70s. Ted Nugent released the bluesy rocker back in 1977 and gave it tongue-in-cheek vocals and lots and lots of guitar heroics. The snarl and groove of the track propelled it to #30 on the charts and became Nugent’s signature most popular song. That chugging riff remains instantly familiar and the Cat Scratch Fever remains one of the definitive representations of the free-wheeling, unbridled spirit of the ’70s rock scene.
Helter Skelter by The Beatles
Helter Skelter (1968) is famously cited as the example for the heavy metal sound. The Beatles let loose a distorted guitar and screaming vocals frenzy never seen or heard by them before. It wasn’t a single, nor was it a chart-topper, but the raw energy and irrepressible momentum it carried influenced many hard rock and metal entities subsequently.
Heartbreaker by Pat Benatar
Heartbreaker anointed Pat Benatar as the rock powerhouse to be taken seriously in 1979. Propelled by an intense guitar riff and Benatar’s commanding vocals, the song injected the late ’70s with attitude. It became her breakout single and emphatically proved women could front a hard rock assault. Even decades on, Heartbreaker continues one of Benatar’s signature songs, delivering the same bang for buck.
Bring Me to Life by Evanescence
Bring Me to Life broke into the charts in 2003, releasing Evanescence’s monumental mixture of gothic rock unto the world. Amy Lee’s commanding vocals and gritty guitar (and abrupt rap interlude) produced a raw and invigorating sound. The song shot all the way up to #5 on the Billboard Hot 100 and even garnered the band a Grammy. With its ominous piano introduction and giant-sized chorus, Bring Me to Life became the early 2000s hard rock renaissance’s unofficial anthem.
Run to the Hills by Iron Maiden
Run to the Hills rode into the metal world in 1982 and is still Iron Maiden’s classic anthem. Driven by an up-tempo, galloping beat and Bruce Dickinson’s leading wail, the song brought metal into the mainstream. It stormed into the UK Top 10 (with the first hint of the song reaching the U.S. charts for the band) and introduced the world at large to the New Wave of British Heavy Metal. Even today, the call to arms “Run to the hills!” can bring any metal crowd to their feet and into a frenzy.
One by Metallica
It is the dark 1989 epic from Metallica that starts life as a brooding ballad and detonates into fierce rage. Its macabre subject matter for the horrors of war is matched by incendiary vocals from James Hetfield and machine-gun drum barrage from Lars Ulrich. The album was the first of Metallica’s to make it into the Top 40 and brought the band their first Grammy award. Even now, all these decades later, the explosion-ending from One – with its blistering guitar solos and double-kick rhythms – still renders the listener dumbfounded.
We’re Not Gonna Take It by Twisted Sister
We’re Not Gonna Take It became the definitive ’80s protest anthem of the teen variety when Twisted Sister released it in 1984. Its simple, shouted chorus and hook-fest of power chords made it the anthem of the week for anyone who’d had enough of the establishment. We’re Not Gonna Take It’s over-the-top music video sent it into the Top 40, making Twisted Sister surprise MTV headliners. Decades later, We’re Not Gonna Take It is an indelible call-to-action whenever people aren’t going to back down.
Sunshine of Your Love by Cream
Sunshine of Your Love features one of the most recognized guitar riffs in rock and played a significant part in the hard rock explosion of the late ‘60s. This 1967 single for Cream merged the blues and psychedelia into a more massive and more booming sound that was groundbreaking for its era. Its booming core riff propelled the track into the U.S.’ top #5, where it became the biggest single for Cream.
Eye of the Tiger by Survivor
Eye of the Tiger is such a classic pump-up tune that the riff itself can get anyone pumped up who listens to it. Survivor wrote it as the theme for the 1982 version of Rocky III, and it became a #1 single, blasting through car radios and gym speakers worldwide. With the chugging power chords and unstoppable “rising up” lyrics, the song is the very definition of fight spirit. Eye of the Tiger spent weeks atop the charts and still instantly gets people motivated whenever it comes on.
Cult of Personality by Living Colour
Cult of Personality first hit the airwaves in 1988 and proved the world that hard rock could be funky and progressive as well. Living Colour’s breakthrough single stutters along on Vernon Reid’s combustible riffs and Corey Glover’s drum-thundering vocals, punctuated with sampled bits of historic political orations. It went #13 and took the Grammy home, breaking records as a top hard-rock chart single by an African-American group. Infectious and compelling, Cult of Personality remains one of the foremost anthems of late ‘80s hard rock.
You Really Got Me by The Kinks
You Really Got Me might be the oldest cut here (1964), but it earns its place by virtue of starting the hard rock riff single-handedly more or less. The Kinks arrived at their raw, distorted sound through actually lacerating their amplifier speaker cone — it gave them a gritty sound unthought-of at the time. Driven by that seminal three-chord riff, the single went all the way to #1 UK and even cracked the U.S. Top 10, forming the basis for the power-chord rocks that were yet to come.